初中英语知识点：独立主格
With的复合结构作独立主格
它是由介词with或without+复合结构构成，复合结构作介词with或without的复合宾语，
复合宾语中第一部分宾语由名词或代词充当，第二部分补足语由形容词、副词、介词短语、
动词不定式或分词充当，分词可以是现在分词，也可以是过去分词。With结构构成方式如
下：
1. with或without-名词/代词+形容词;
例句：He is used to sleeping with the windows open.
2. with或without-名词/代词+副词;
例句：She left the room with all the lights on.
3. with或without-名词/代词+介词短语;
例句：He walked into the dark street with a stick in his hand.
4. with或without-名词/代词 +动词不定式;
例句：With so much work to do, I have no time for a holiday.
5. with或without-名词/代词 +分词。
例句：We found the house easily with the little boy leading the way.
(现在分词表示主动动作，即分词所表示的动作是由with后的宾语发出来的)
With all the things she needed bought, she went home happily.
(过去分词表示被动，with后面的宾语与过去分词之间是被动关系)
6. without+名词/代词+补语
例句：Possibly this person died withont anyone knowing where the coins were hidden.
He wondered if he could slide out of the lecture hall without anyone
noticing (him).
7. with+不定式和+分词的区别
加不定式是指将要进行的动作，加分词是指主动或被动动作。
with复合结构的句法功能
1. with 复合结构，在句中表状态或说明背景情况，常做伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。
例句：With machinery to do all the work, they will soon have got in the crops.
由于所有的工作都是由机器进行，他们将很快收完庄稼。(原因状语)
The boy always sleeps with his head on the arm.
这个孩子总是头枕着胳膊睡觉。(伴随状语)
The soldier had him stand with his back to his father.
士兵要他背对着他父亲站着。(方式状语)
With spring coming on, trees turn green.
春天到了，树变绿了。(时间状语)
2. with 复合结构可以作定语
Anyone with its eyes in his head can see it’s exactly like a rope.
任何一个头上长着眼睛的人都能看出它完全像一条绳子。
独立主格的形式:
一、一般独立主格形式
与主句逻辑关系松散
形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. +不定式; n. +介词短语; n. +形容词; n. +副词;
①名词/主格代词+现在分词
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。
如：
The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say.
姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.
如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
②名词/主格代词+过去分词
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是被动关系。
如：
The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.
随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.
由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
③名词/主格代词+不定式
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
如：
He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.
借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.
他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
④名词/主格代词+形容词
如：
An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive.
那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.
这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
⑤名词/主格代词+副词
如：
He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
⑥名词/主格代词+介词短语
如：
The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire,her back towards the door.玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
⑦名词/主格代词+名词
His first shot failure，he fired again.
他第一枪没击中，又打了一枪。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
两百人死于事故，其中有许多儿童。
初中英语语法学习-独立主格结构用法
1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构的常见形式
1. 名词(代词)+现在分词
The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进行比赛。
The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们还是延期开会吧。
2. 名词(代词)+过去分词
The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。
More time given, we should have done the job much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。
3. 名词(代词)+不定式
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。
4. 名词(代词)+介词短语
The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。
A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。
He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。
5. 名词(代词)+形容词或副词
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。
She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开始写一封长信。
6. There being +名词(代词)
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
7. It being +名词(代词)
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
比较：独立主格结构与由介词 with 引出的复合结构。如：
Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。
He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。
三、英语独立主格结构的用法
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 用作时间状语
The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
2. 用作条件状语
Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3. 用作原因状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4. 用作伴随状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
5. 表示补充说明
A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸冻得通红。
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
中考英语句型结构知识点：独立主格结构的特点
1)独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2)名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。
3)独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
举例：
The test finished, we began our holiday.
= When the test was finished, we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。
The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.
总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.
如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。
This done, we went home.
工作完成后，我们才回家。
The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.
会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
He came into the room, his ears red with cold.
他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.
他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆。