一、过去分词
过去分词兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征，可以带宾语或受状语修饰。过去分词和宾语或状语一起构成过去分词短语。它在句中可以作定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。这节课讲解作定语、表语的用法。
1.作定语
作定语的过去分词如果是单词，一般放在被修饰词的前面;过去分词短语作定语，一般放在被修饰词的后面。例如：
There are many fallen leaves on the ground.
This is a book written by a worker.
2.作表语
过去分词作表语,多表示主语所处的状态。
I was pleased at the news.
The door remained locked.
过去分词作表语，相当于形容词，常见的有：delighted, disappointed, astonished, interested, satisfied, surprised, tired, worried, excited, married等。
过去分词作表语时，应注意与被动结构的区别。系表结构说明主语的状态或具有的性质、特点;被动结构强调谓语动作。
The small village is surrounded by trees.(状态)
The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers.(动作)
I'm interested in chess.(状态)
3.过去分词做状语
①表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。
Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.
Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
②表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。
Exhausted, the children fell asleep at once.
Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
③表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用if等词
Heated, water changes into steam.
Given another chance, he will do better.
④表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。
Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.
⑤表伴随，说明动作发生的背景或情况。
Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the classroom.
The trainer appeared, followed by five little dogs.
【词语】
1. first aid的意思是“急救”，例如：first aid to the injured给予伤员的急救。
短语联想
give/offer aid援助come to sb's aid帮助某人
teaching aids教具medical aid医疗救护
with the aid of借助于
get injured受伤，在现代英语中大量地出现了由“get +及物动词不达意的过去分词”构成的被动语态，这叫get -型被动语态。又如：
The computer got (was)damaged when we were moving.
My bike is getting (is being)repaired row.
2. Protect动词，“保护、维护”，用于句式“protect +名词+ against/from +名词”。
e.g. He is wearing sunglasses to protect his eyes from the strong sunlight.
【短语联想】
? Keep... from...不让/避免
? stop... (from) ...阻止
? prevent...(from) ...妨碍/防止
?disable... from...使……失去(能力/资格)
?save... from...挽救、拯救
3.depend on取决于。
e.g. The amount you pay depends on where you live.词义拓展
depend on依靠，依赖：His family depends on him.他的一家人全靠他养活。
依赖，信任：We are depending on you to finish the job by Friday.
4. squeeze动词，意思是“榨取”、“挤出”，例如：squeeze an orange榨橘子
squeeze +名词+ out(of/from) +名词，
e.g. Those blackmailers intended to squeeze more money out of him.
5. hurt既可作及物动词，作“伤害”、“使受伤”解，也可作不及物动词，作“疼痛”、“感到疼痛”解。既可表达身体的受伤，也可以表达情感的伤害。例如：
e.g. The little boy has fallen off a ladder and hurt himself.
The driver hurt himself in the accident.司机在事故中受了伤。
6. unless除非……;如果不……。如：
7. icy adj.冰凉的
-y是个形容词后缀。如：
windy有风的hilly多小山的sleepy困倦的
greeny略呈绿色spicy辛辣的woody树木茂密的
thirsty饥渴的dirty脏的snowy下雪的
8. in place放在适当的地方。如：
e.g. The librarian put the returned books in place.图书管理员把还回的图书放到原处。
Yon'd better put things back in place.Otherwise, it will be difficult to find things.
9. sense n.感觉
?sense of touch触觉sense of sight视觉
? sense of hearing听觉sense of smell嗅觉
? sense of humour幽默感sense of beauty美感
?ense of hunger饥饿感the sixth sense第六感
10. variety n.多样,种类,
★ a variety of…各种各样……
【词语联想】
various a.不同的,各种的,多方面的,许多的
e.g. Everyone arrived late at the party for various reasons.
characteristic n.特征;特性radium n.镭
painter n.画家;油漆匠
put forward提出
scientific adj.科学的
conclude v.结束
conclusion n.结论
draw a conclusion得出结论
analyse v.分析
infect v.传染
infections v.传染的
cholera adj.霍乱
defeat v.打败
expert adj.熟练的
attend v.照顾
physician n.医生
expose.暴露
expose...to使显露
deadly adj.致命的
cure n.治愈
outbreak n.爆发
challenge n.挑战
victim n.受害者
absorb v.吸收
suspect v.怀疑
enquiry n.询问
neighborhood n.附近
severe adj.严重的
clue n.线索
pump n.泵
Cambridge Street剑桥大街
foresee v.预见
investigate v.调查
investigation n.调查
blame v.责备
pollute v.污染
handle n.柄
germ n.微生物
link.连接
link...to...将…和…联系或连接起来announce n.宣布
certainty n.确信
instruct v.命令
responsible adj.有责任的
construct v.建设
construction n.建设
contribute v.捐献
apart from除……之外
firework n.烟火
chart n.图表
creative adj.有创造力的
co-operative adj.合作的
positive adj.积极的
(be) strict with...对……严格的
Nicolas Copernicus尼古拉.哥白尼revolutionary adj.革命的
movement n.移动
make sense讲得通
backward adj.向后的
loop n.圈
privately adv.私下的
spin v.(使)旋转
brightness n.明亮
enthusiastic adj.热情的
cautious adj.小心的
reject v.拒绝
universe n.宇宙
【一般过去时】
1.一般过去时的定义
一般过去时表示过去某一时候或某一段时间所发生了的事情或存在的状态。常与过去时间yesterday, this morning, just now, a moment ago, in May, last night / year / week, once upon a time, the other day, before …, when – clause, in the past连用。如：
What did you do yesterday?昨天你干了什么?
I met Lin Tao this morning.今天上午我会到了林涛。
I was there a moment ago.刚才我在那儿。
2.一般过去时的应用
(1)表示过去某时所发生的动作或存在的状态。如：
Liu Ying was in America last year.刘英去年在美国。
Jim rang you just now.吉姆刚才给你打了电话。
(2)表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。常接时间副词often, usually, always, sometimes, every day / week, etc.如：
We often went out for a walk after supper.我们过去常在晚饭后散步。
We usually played together.我们通常一起玩。
3.一般过去时对谓语动词的要求
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一般过去时的谓语动词要用动词的过去式。动词过去式的构成分规则变化和不规则变化两种形式，不规则变化通常需要逐个记忆，规则变化则遵循以下原则：
(1)一般在动词后加-ed。如：play—played, offer—offered, weigh—weighed, destroy— destroyed, sign—signed.
(2)在以字母e结尾的动词后，只加-d。如：like—liked, provide—provided, hate — hated, date—dated。
(3)在以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词后，则改y为i，再加—ed。如：supply—supplied, fly—flied, study— studied.
(4)在以单短元音的重读闭音节结尾且，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词后，双写最后一个辅音字母，再加-ed。如：plan—planned, refer—referred, regret—regretted, ban—banned.
4.特别说明
有些动词的过去时，如：expect, hope, intend, plan, wanted等一般过去时，后接不定式的完成时;或它们的过去完成时接不定式的一般式，都可表示过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望。如：
I hoped to have been invited to his wedding party. —I had hoped to be invited to his wedding ceremony.我本希望他来邀请我参加他的婚礼。
I intended to have joined their games. —I had intended to join their games.我本打算参加他们的比赛。
一、重点词汇总结
1. impression n.印记;印象;感想;后接of sb./ of sth./ on sb./ that从句; My first impression of him was favorable.他给我的.第一印象非常讨人喜欢。 I got the impression that they were unhappy about the situation.他们给我的印象是他们对这个情形不是很开心。
知识拓展：impress v.给……留下深刻的印象;使铭记;使感动;常用结构有：impress sth. on/upon sb./impress sb. with sth.给……留下深刻的印象;使铭记; It impressed me that she remembered my name.令我佩服的是她记得我的名字。
2. remind v.提醒;使想起;常用结构有: remind sb. to do sth.提醒某人做某事;remind sb.+(that)/wh-从句提醒某人……;使某人想起……;remind sb. about/of sth.使某人想起或意识到……;提醒某人某事I'm sorry, but I've forgotten your name, can you remind me?很抱歉，我忘记你叫什么名字了，你能提醒一下吗?
You remind me of your father when you say that.说到那的时候，我想起了你的父亲。
知识拓展：reminder n.提醒物;引起回忆的事物
3. constantly adv.始终;一直;重复不断地Fashion is constantly changing.时尚总是日新月异。知识拓展：constant adj.连续发生的;不断的;重复的;
4. previous adj.先前的;以往的;(时间上)稍前的;
No previous experience is necessary for this job.以往的经验对这项工作不是很有必要。
I couldn't believe it when I heard the news.我听到这个消息的时候，我觉得简直令人那以置信。
I had only seen him the previous day.我只在几天前见到过他。
知识拓展：previously adv.先前的;早先
The building had previously been used as a hotel.这栋建筑早些时候被用作旅馆。
5. bend v.(bent bent)弯曲;使弯曲;弯腰;弯身;常用搭配有: bend one's mind/efforts
to sth.致力于某事bend sb.to sth.迫使;说服bend the truth歪曲事实It's hard to bend an iron bar.把铁棒弄弯很不容易。
She bent her head and kissed her daughter.她低下头吻了她的女儿。
6. press v.压;按;推;挤;坚持;敦促n.报章杂志，新闻工作者，新闻界She pressed a handkerchief to his nose.她用手绢捂住鼻子。 She pressed down hard on the gas pedal.她用力踩下油门踏板。 He is still pressing her claim for compensation.他仍坚持索赔。 The press was/were not allowed to attend the trial.庭审谢绝新闻采访。
7. switch n. & v.用作名词表示“开关;转换”。用作动词表示“转换”。 She made the switch from full-time to part-time work when her first child was born.她生第一个孩子的时候调整了工作，把全职工作转换成了兼职工作。 Press these two keys to switch between documents on screen.按这两个键来转换屏幕上的文件。
I can't work next week, will you switch with me?下周我不想上班，你能和我换一下班。
8. lack n. & v.用作名词，表示：“缺乏;短缺”;用作动词，表示：“缺乏;短缺;没有;不足”。 a lack of food /money/skills缺乏食物/金钱/技能
The trip was cancelled through lack of interest.因为缺乏兴趣这次旅行被取消了。 He lacks confidence.他缺乏信心。
知识拓展：lacking adj.缺乏;没有;匮乏;不足